References used

Historical sources on Chibale and the surrounding regions

Historical sources on Chibale and the Lala region are Madan 1908, Madan 1913, von Hoffman 1929, Stephenson 1937, Pope Cullen 1940, Edme 1944, Lambo 1945, the publications of Munday, Peters 1950, Rukavina 1951, the publications of Stefaniszyn, Stephenson 1937, Long 1968b, Ranger 1975b, Long 1992, Seur 1992, Long 1995 and the publications of Verbeek. For a larger culturally and historically comparable region (the Kaonde-Lamba-Lenje-Lala area) Melland 1923, Anley 1926, Doke 1927, Doke 1931, Cuvelier 1932, Marchal 1933, Brelsford 1948, Marks 1976 and Bantje 1978.

Sources on music, dance, text and ritual in Chibale and in the surrounding regions

Music and related dance, text and ritual of ‘the Lala’ have been the subject of and a subject in several publications: Hoffman 1929, Jones 1934, Anonymous 1937a, Anonymous 1937b, Pope Cullen 1940, Edme 1944, Anonymous 1945, Lambo 1945, Jones 1949, Jones 1950, Stefaniszyn 1951, Jones & Kombe 1952, Stefaniszyn 1964a, Stefaniszyn 1964b, Davidson 1970, Chingwalu 1973a, Stefaniszyn 1974, van Dijk 1983, IJzermans 1984, Kubik 1988, Verbeek 1992, Verbeek 1993, IJzermans 1995, Verbeek & Mutambwa 1997, Verbeek 2001, van Dijk 2010.

The larger publications in this list are:
The seminal 1934 article by Arthur Jones denouncing the methods of armchair musical research; he was one of the first to write from the experience of having played the music of the other oneself, for the area surrounding Chibale this resulted in Jones 1949, Jones 1950 and Jones & Kombe 1952. The publications by Stefaniszyn (1951, 1964a, 1964b and 1974) are on the music and other cultural and more general subjects regarding the Ambo area, the southern part of the Lala region. Van Dijk 1983 & 2010 and IJzermans 1984 are based on our research in 1981 and IJzermans 1995 on the research in 1981, 1985-1986 and 1987. The Verbeek (& Mutambwa) publications are on song texts and their interpretation in the Congo part of the Kaonde-Lamba-Lenje-Lala area that many in Chibale consider to be culturally interconnected.

Sources about music, dance, text and ritual in neighbouring areas

Smith & Dale 1920, Melland 1923, Anley 1926, Doke 1927, Doke 1931, Marchal 1933, Scheyven ±1937, Ragoen 1938, van Malderen 1941, Brelsford 1948, Boone 1951, Blacking 1962, Mensah 1970a, Mensah 1971, Chilivumbo 1972, F. Chingwalu 1972a, 1972b, 1972c, 1972d & 1973b, Marks 1976 and Bantje 1978.

These publications and the sources about neighbouring areas suggest a considerable structural homogeneity for the Lala region and the neighbouring areas. This structural homogeneity is recognised by most people in Chibale and is apparent in the spirit-possession milieu.

So, though the articles on this site only refer to Chibale, they are more than incidentally relevant to a far larger region.

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