The questionnaires of the three surveys

Three surveys were held in 1985/86, 1987 and 2004. To be able to compare results, the questionaries were similar with as major difference the use of sounding material (1987 and 2004) or not (1985/86).

Questionnaire Survey 1985/86

The questionnaire was put in ciLala. Here a translation in English is presented.

A. Personal data
1. Name
2. Sex
3. Place of residence
4. Clan
5. Year of birth (if necessary estimated)
6. Place of birth
7. Marital status and history
8. Number of children
9. Education
10. Christian church membership and change(s) of membership
11. Form(s) of farming
12. Help in farming if yes: form(s) of help
13. Contentment with yield
14. Types of crops and yield
15. Types of supplementary income
16. Town experience when, how long, which town(s), reasons for stay
17. If informant is a woman: did you go through Cisungu? If yes at what age, where, by whom (relation to the initiator), how long did it take, how long after Cisungu did you marry?
18. If married: questions 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10 and 16 about the partner.

B. Gatherings
1. What different types of gatherings old or new, with music or dance do you know?
List: 1. Sandauni; 2. Bwalwa; 3. Cilili; 4. Cisungu; 5. Cililo; 6. Ipupo; 7. Cibombe; 8. Church; 9. Kwilimuna; 10. Cisela/Pa kwisha; 11. Bwalwa bwa nkombo.
2. Which of these gatherings do you visit? (never/)rarely/sometimes/regularly/often.
3. Reasons for attending gatherings mentioned in 2.
4. Did you ever organise one or more of these gatherings? If yes, how often?
5. Reasons for organising gatherings mentioned in 4.
6. If Ipupo mentioned in 4:
a. For whom (relation) was it held?
b. How much time after death was it held?
c. Was more than one Ipupo held for this deceased?
d. Did the mipashi ask for it? If yes how?
e. Was beer offered (kupupa) to the deceased/mupashi? If yes: where and when?
f. What dances were danced at the Ipupo? If applicable around what time did the Ngwilwa stop dancing?
7. What are the major differences between the present and the older Bwalwa?

C. Knowledge of names of musical instruments and dances?
1. Can you mention as many (types of) musical instruments as possible?
List: 1. ngoma; 2. kace; 3. cibitiku; 4. iyikulu; 5. mangu; 6. kalimba; 7. kankobele; 8. ndandi; 9. maswao; 10. ilimba; 11. ngolwa; 12. mankubala; 13. cintimbwa; 14. babatoni; 15. banjo; 16. cisekele; 17. fisekele; 18. mukonkonto; 19. nsangwa; 20. masamba; 21. peku; 22. lusonsolo; 23. mputi; 24. pintu; 25. mikoci; 26. Christian music instruments; 27. kutota’mapi.
2. Can you mention as many (types of) dances as possible?
List: 1. ilimbalakata; 2. cinsengwe; 3. icila; 4. kalindula; 5. mbeni; 6. fwandafwanda; 7. cimbwasa; 8. cisungu; 9. katambala; 10. nsase; 11. shabanaMwami; 12. shabaCiwila; 13. shabaMoba; 14. shabaKaluwe; 15. shaMfunguni; 16. cinko; 17. cisela; 18. kaonge; 19. maenge; 20. ngwai.
3. Can you name one or more persons who know much about the music and dance of Chibale? Name, age, place of residence, types about which (s)he knows much.

D. Preferences and playing of instruments
1a What is, for your whole life, your favourite song, or type of song, to sing? (If the latter give an example)
b Why is it your favourite?
2a What is, for your whole life, your favourite song, or type of song, to listen to? (If the latter give an example)
b Why is it your favourite?
3a What is, for your whole life, your favourite dance to dance?
b Why is it your favourite?
4a What is, for your whole life, your favourite dance to watch?
b Why is it your favourite?
5a What is, for your whole life, your favourite gathering?
b Why is it your favourite?
6a What is, for your whole life, your favourite musical instrument?
b Why is it your favourite?
c Did or do you play any musical instrument? If yes: which instruments, how did you learn to play it/them? If learned from someone: relation to this person. Do you play never anymore/rarely/sometimes/regularly/often?
7a Who is, for your whole life, your favourite dancer? Name, age, place of residence, period, type(s) in which (s)he excels/excelled.
b Why is it your favourite?
8a Who is, for your whole life, your favourite drummer? Name, age, place of residence, period, type(s) in which (s)he excels/excelled.
b Why is it your favourite?
9a Who is, for your whole life, your favourite singer? Name, age, place of residence, period, type(s) in which (s)he excels/excelled.
b Why is it your favourite?
10a Who is, for your whole life, your favourite bringer of new songs? Name, age, place of residence, period, type(s) in which (s)he excels/excelled.
b Why is it your favourite?

E. Miscellanea
1. Can you give the names of the chiefs that preceded the present chief Chibale, if possible in the correct order?
2. Can you mention some mishila? For each mushila mention if it is still followed?
3a Do you visit the Rural Health Centre (icipataIa) never/rarely/sometimes/regularly/often?
b Do you visit a shing’anga never/rarely/sometimes/regularly/often?
c With a and b: why (not)?
d What is the difference in treatment between RHC and bashing’anga?
4a Is it true what people say that there is more witchcraft and/or illness nowadays?
b Why (not)? If yes: since when has this changed?

F. Possession
1a Can you mention as many types of possession as possible?
List: Ciwila; Kaluwe; Mashabe; Moba; Mwami; Imfunguni.
b What are the differences (between the types mentioned or recognised)?
2 For what reason(s) are Cibombe held?
3 For what reasons are people possessed?
List: illness; witchcraft; madness; lack of christianity; by accident; to fight illness and witchcraft; to get attention.
4 Does the community (calo) profit from the possessed mediums? How (not)?
5 Do you like possession music and dance? Why (not)?

G. Use of sound equipment
la Do you or anyone in your household possess a radio, gramophone, radiogram, cassette or tape recorder?
b Do you ever listen to it? If yes how often and how long?
c To what programs/music do you listen (more than rarely)?
2a Do you ever listen to one of them somewhere else? If yes: where, how often and how long?
b To what programs/music do you listen there (more than rarely)?

H. Possessed: self or in family (Of the persons mentioned: name, (sex), age; place of residence; and possession type(s))
1. Are you or were you ever possessed?
2. Is/was your mother or your father a possessed?
3. Is/was one of your grandparents a possessed?
4. Is/was one of your children a possessed?
5. Is/was one of your sisters or brothers a possessed?
6. Is/was your partner a possessed?
7. Is/was one of your grandchildren a possessed?
8. Anyone else you want to mention who is a possessed?
9. Is/was one of them a shing’anga mukalamba?

P. For possessed only
If the informant answered yes to H1 a list of questions about his/her possession was gone through. This list is not reproduced here.

Questionnaire Survey 1987

The questionnaire was put in ciLala. Here a translation in English is presented.

A. Personal data
1. Name
2. Sex
3. Place of residence
4. Clan
5. Year of birth (if necessary estimated)
6. Place of birth
7. Marital status and history
8. Number of children
9. Education
10. Christian church membership and change(s) of membership
11. Form of farming
12. Help in farming if yes: form(s) of help
13. Contentment with yield
14. Types of crops and yield
15. Types of supplementary income
16. Town experience when, how long, which town(s), reasons for stay
17. Do you visit Cililo never/rarely/sometimes/regularly/often?
18. Do you visit church never/rarely/sometimes/regularly/often?
19. Do you visit Ipupo never/rarely/sometimes/regularly/often?
20. Do you visit Cibombe never/rarely/sometimes/regularly/often?
21. Do you visit Sandauni never/rarely/sometimes/regularly/often?
22. Did you ever organise any of these gatherings? How often?

B. Knowledge of names of music instruments and songs, playing an instrument
1. Can you mention as many (types of) musical instruments as possible?
List: 1. ngoma; 2. kace; 3. cibitiku; 4. iyikulu; 5. mangu; 6. kalimba; 7. kankobele;  8. ndandi; 9. maswao; 10. ilimba; 11. ngolwa; 12. mankubala; 13. cintimbwa; 14. babatoni; 15. banjo; 16. cisekele; 17. fisekele; 18. mukonkonto; 19. nsangwa; 20. masamba; 21. peku; 22. lusonsolo; 23. mputi; 24. pintu; 25. mikoci; 26. Christian music instruments; 27. kutota’mapi.
2. Can you mention as many (types of) songs as possible?
List: 1. ilimbalakata; 2. cinsengwe; 3. icila; 4. kalindula; 5. mbeni; 6. fwandafwanda;  7. cimbwasa; 8. cisungu; 9. katambala; 10. nsase; 11. shabanaMwami; 12. shabaCiwila; 13. shabaMoba; 14. shabaKaluwe; 15. shaMfunguni; 16. cinko; 17. cisela; 18. kaonge; 19. maenge; 20. lumba/rumba; 21. teka; 22. cimbilingoma; 23. katembo; 24. kashimbo; 25. mitungu; 26. cilika/cidika; 27. citelele; 28. cisango; 29. cilili; 30. cilaila; 31. maila; 32. shaBayambo; 33. Christian songs; 34. findanga.
3. Which instruments do/did you play? For each instrument: do you play it never anymore/rarely/sometimes/ regularly/often?

C. (Dis)similarity between instruments and between songs
I. Which of the following instruments are very similar, which of them very different?
List: ngoma, banjo, cisekele, ilimba, babatoni and kalimba.
2. Which of the following song types are very similar, which of them very different?
List: shabaCiwila, kalindula, katambala, ilimbalakata, shabanaMwami and shaCililo.

D. Nine songs
The following songs were used for Survey 1987: 1. Song 156,   2. Song 70,   3. Song 181, 4. Song 20,   5. Song 163,   6. Song 1,   7. Song 82,   8. Song 155 and  9. Song 176.
* The first 40 to 75 seconds of each of the songs were first played an a cassette recorder. Apart from the fifth question, all questions were the same for all songs.
1. How much do you like this song? (0-6)
2. Why do you like it that much?
3. What did you feel when hearing the song?
4. What is the message of the song?
5. Specific question about the song text (listed below).
6. What is most important for you in this song?
List: its effect, its message, the entertainment it gives, the way it is sung and/or played, the fact that it can be sung at an important occasion /for an important reason.
7. What is the least important for you in this song?
List: its effect, its message, the entertainment it gives, the way it is sung and/or played,  the fact that it can be sung at an important occasion /for an important reason.
8.  What type of song is it?
9. When can it be sung?
10. Who is the performer/who are the performers?
11. Is there any cileya (mistake) in the performance?
12. How much maka (energy, power) does the song have? (0-6)
13. Are there many different meanings in the song? (0-6)
14 How educating is the song? (0-6)
15. Is the song for women only, men only, or for both?
16. Is the song a Lala song?
17. Is the song light or heavy?
18. Can the song be used for kupupa?

Question 5 was specific for each song.
1.5  Why is it ishamo to see a kanunushi?
2.5  Is this song to teach or to show sorrow?
3.5  What is meant by cankole ubanda nshila?
4.5  Why are people praised in this song?
5.5  What is meant by kuli amalwele bakayobela balile?
6.5a What is meant by alila mwinamina akula panshi?
b What is meant alila sensenta?
c Why do they (suddenly) end with: nashala nenka bantengamina?
7.5  No specific question.
8.5  Why should certain people come and help?
9.5a What is meant by panse paliba kufwa?
b Why does the singer find it important to remind us of the fact that there is death in this world?

Questionnaire Survey 2004

A. Personal data
1. Name interviewed:
2. Sex
3. Place of residence
4. Clan
5. Year of birth (if necessary estimated): 19 . .
6. Place of birth: Chibale – Serenje/Mkushi – Town Lala parent(s) – No relation with Lala
7. Marital status and history
8. Number of children
9. Education
10. Religious orientation: non-Chr – JW – UCZ – RC – SDA – other.
When 20: non-Chr – JW – UCZ – RC – SDA – other.
11. Form of farming
12. Types of crops and yield
13. Contentment with yield
14. Help in farming if yes: form(s) of help
15. Types of supplementary income
16. Town experience when, how long, reasons for stay
17. Do you visit church never/rarely/sometimes/regularly/often?
18. Do you visit Cibombe never/rarely/sometimes/regularly/often?
19. Do you visit Cililo never/rarely/sometimes/regularly/often?
20. Do you visit Ipupo never/rarely/sometimes/regularly/often?
21. Do you visit Maket never/rarely/sometimes/regularly/often?
22. Do you visit Sandauni never/rarely/sometimes/regularly/often?
23. Did you ever organise any of these gatherings? How often?
24. If the respondent organised Ipupo:
a. For whom (relation) was it held?
b. How much time after death was it held?
c. Was more than one Ipupo held for this deceased?
d. Did the mipashi ask for it? If yes how?
e. Was beer offered (kupupa) to the deceased/mupashi? If yes: where and when?
f. What dances were danced at the Ipupo? If applicable around what time did the mediums stopped dancing?

B. Knowledge of names of music instruments and songs, playing an instrument
1. Can you mention as many (types of) musical instruments as possible? (2: mentioned by respondent; 1: recognised)
List:  1. ngoma; 2. kace; 3. cibitiku; 4. iyikulu; 5. mangu; 6. kalimba; 7. kankobele;  8. ndandi; 9. maswao; 10. ilimba; 11. ngolwa; 12. mankubala; 13. cintimbwa; 14. babatoni; 15. banjo; 16. cisekele; 17. fisekele; 18. mukonkonto; 19. nsangwa; 20. masamba; 21. peku; 22. lusonsolo; 23. mputi; 24. pintu; 25. mikoci; 26. Christian music instruments; 27. kutota’mapi; 28. itumba; 29. mwimbi; 30. musebe; 31. ndibu; 32. cinyenye; 33. mutole; 34. manyema; 35. musumpiti; 36. mataba pa mbale; 37. mitungu; 38. lumpundu; 39. muloshi; 40. lupenga; 41. cimbombo.
2. Can you mention as many (types of) songs as possible? (2: mentioned by respondent;  1: recognised)
List: 1. ilimbalakata; 2. cinsengwe; 3. icila; 4. kalindula; 5. mbeni; 6. fwandafwanda; 7. cimbwasa; 8. cisungu; 9. katambala; 10. nsase; 11. shabanaMwami; 12. shabaCiwila; 13. shabaMoba; 14. shabaKaluwe; 15. shaMfunguni; 16. cinko; 17. cisela; 18. kaonge; 19. maenge; 20. lumba; 21. teka; 22. cimbilingoma; 23. katembo; 24. kashimbo; 25. mitungu; 26. cilika/cidika; 27. citelele; 28. cisango; 29. cilili; 30. cilaila; 31. maila; 32. shaBayambo; 33. Christian songs; 34. findanga.
3. Which instruments do/did you play? For each instrument: do you play it never anymore/rarely/sometimes/ regularly/often?
4. Can you name one or more persons who know much about the music and dance of Chibale? Name, age, place of residence, types about which (s)he knows much.

C. Preferences
1a What is, for your whole life, your favourite song, or type of song?
b Why is it your favourite?
2a What is, for your whole life, your favourite dance to dance?
b Why is it your favourite?
3a What is, for your whole life, your favourite dance to watch?
b Why is it your favourite?
4a What is, for your whole life, your favourite gathering?
b Why is it your favourite?
5a Who is, for your whole life, your favourite instrument? For what type of music?.
b Why is (s)he your favourite?
6a Who is, for your whole life, your favourite dancer? Name, age, place of residence, period, type(s) in which (s)he excels/excelled.
b Why is (s)he your favourite?
7a Who is, for your whole life, your favourite singer? Name, age, place of residence, period, type(s) in which (s)he excels/excelled.
b Why is (s)he your favourite?

D. Seven songs
* The first 40 to 75 seconds of each of the songs were first played an a cassette recorder. Apart from the fifth question, all questions were the same for all songs.
1. How much do you like this song? (0-6)
2. Why do you like it that much?
3. What did you feel when hearing the song?
4. What is the message of the song?
5. Specific question about the song text (listed below).
6. What is most important for you in this song?
List: its effect; its message, the entertainment it gives, the way it is sung and/or played, the fact that it can be sung at an important occasion /for an important reason.
7. What is the least important for you in this song?
List: its effect; its message, the entertainment it gives, the way it is sung and/or played, the fact that it can be sung at an important occasion /for an important reason.
8.  What type of song is it?
9. Is there any cileya (mistake) in the performance?
10. How much maka (energy, power) does the song have? (0-6)
11. Are there many different meanings in the song? (0-6)
12. Is the song lupubile or lulemene?

Question 5 is specific for each song.
1.5 What is meant with: ‘Natutashe Imfumu Lesa – Incende yakwe ikatami – Mucifulo cabulamba bwakwe’?
2.5 Why does the player stop playing kalimba when the dead in the mpanga have been awoken?
3.5 Is this a song to rejoice or of dispair – Lwimbo ulu luli kwangala nangu kushama?
4.5 What is meant by: ‘Yehovah Lesa akabalubula lumbi lubuto lobe’?
5.5 What is meant by: ‘Waliya abana – Wewaupa kalala kalilowe ne ng’anda’?
6.5 What does the singer mean with: ‘Ngoma ya balumbwana’?
7.5 Why does the singer says about herself: ‘nekabwa netunga’?